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कम्प्यूटर का विकास क्रम ( Computer development sequence) – Sciencefeed
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कम्प्यूटर का विकास क्रम ( Computer development sequence)

adminDecember 21, 2019

कम्प्यूटर का विकास क्रम

कम्प्यूटर (Computer)का विकास क्रम 3000 वर्ष पुराना है। China ने सबसे पहले गणना यंत्र abacus का आविष्कार किया था। यह एक यांत्रिक Device है। 17वीं शताब्दी में France के गणितज्ञ Blaise Pascal ने एक यांत्रिक अंकीय गणना यंत्र सन् 1645 में विकसित किया था। इस Machine को एडिंग मशीन कहते थे। क्योंकि यह Machine केवल Addition or Substraction सकती थी।

Jacquared Loom सन् 1801 में फ्रांसीसी बनुकर जोसेफ ने कपड़े बुनने के ऐसे लूक का आविष्कार किया जाता Clothes में स्वतः ही डिजाइन या पैटर्न देता था। __

Charles Babbage का डिफरेंस इंजिन चार्ल्स बैबेज ने सन् 1822 (Golden Year of Computer Hystory) में एक Machine का निर्माण किया जिसका व्यय British Government ने वहन किया। उस मशीन का नाम डिफरेन्स इंजिन रखा गया। इस मशीन में गियर और शाफ्ट लगे थे। और यह Vapour से चलती थी।

Hollerith Census Tabulator सन् 1890 में कम्प्यूटर Historical में एक और महत्त्वपूर्ण घटना हुई, वह थी अमेरिका का जनगणना का कार्य। सन् 1890 से पूर्व जनगणना का कार्य पारम्परिक तरीकों से किया जाता था।

Aiken and Mark 1 .. सन् 1940 में (Electromechanical Computing) अपने शिखर (Height) पर पहुँच चुकी थी। आई बी एम के चार शीर्ष इंजीनियरों व हॉर्ल्ड आईकेन से सन् 1944 में एक मशीन को विकसित किया और इसका Official Name Automatic Sequece Con- trolled Calculator TGTI रखा गया |

ABC आइकेन और बी एम के मार्क-1 तकनीकी नई इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स तकनीकी आने से पुराने हो गई थी। नई Electronic Technique में कोई यांत्रिक पुर्जा संचालित करने की आवश्यकता नहीं थी। जबकि मार्क – 1 एक Electrical machine है।

The ENIAC (1943-46) इस कम्प्यूटर का पूरा नाम Electronic Numerical Intergrator and computer है इसका विकास (Development) Army के लिए किया गया था।

The EDVAC (1946-52) इस का पूरा नाम Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer था यह पहला डिजिटल कम्प्यूटर (Digital Computer) था।

The EDSAC (1947-49) इस का पूरा नाम था। Electronic Delay storage Automatic Computer यह पहला कम्प्यूटर था जिस पर प्रोग्राम (Program) को रन किया गया था।

The UNIVAC (1951) इस का पूरा नाम Universal Automatice Computer था। यह पहला डिजिटल कम्प्यूटर (Digital Computer) था। और यह व्यापार (Business) में प्रयोग होने वाला प्रथम Computer था। अबेकस (Abacus) – यह सबसे पहला एंव सबसे सरल यन्त्र है। – इसका प्रयोग गणन (Calculation) कार्यों में सहायता के लिए किया गया था। – आधुनिक (Modern) शोधों के अनुसार ली काई चेन (Lee KaiChen) को इसके invention का श्रेय जाता है। – abacus लकड़ी का एक आयताकार Structure होता है, जिसके अन्दर तारों (Wire) का एक फ्रेम लगा होता है।

Napier Bones – नेपियर बोन्स का आविष्कार स्कॉटलैंड (Scotland) के Mathematician John napier ने किया था। – इसकी सहायता से Multiplication करने की क्रिया को अत्यंत शीघ्रतापूर्वक किया जा सकता | नेपियर बोन्स में कुल दस आयताकार(Rectangular) पट्टियां होती थीं, जिन पर क्रमशः 0 से 9 तक के पहाड़े(Tables) लिखे होते थे। स्लाइड रूल (Slide Rule) , – जर्मनी(Germany) के गणितज्ञ विलियन ऑटरेड ने स्लाइड रूल का आविष्कार किया था। – यह लघुगणक विधि के आधार पर सरलता से गणणाएँ कर सकता था। – इसमें दो विशेष प्रकार(special kind) की चिह्नित पट्टियाँ होती थीं, जिन्हें बराबर में रखकर आगे-पीछे सरकाकर लघु गुणक की क्रिया सम्पन्न होती थी। – बीसवीं शताब्दी के आठवें दशक में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पॉकेट केल्कुलेटरों(Electronic pocket calculators) के Existence में आने के पश्चात इसका प्रयोग बन्द हो गया। Pascal’s Calculater – फ्रांस के गणितज्ञ Blaize Pascal ने इस यान्त्रिक अंकीय गणन यन्त्र(Mechanical digital counting machine) का आविष्कार किया।

AL – इस मशीन से कई दाँतेदार चक्र और पुराने टेलीफोन की तरह घुमाने वाले डायल होते थे, जिन पर 0 से १ तक संख्याएं अंकित होती थी। लेबिनज का यान्त्रिक कैलकुलेटर . .. – जर्मन गणितज्ञ(German mathematician) गोटफ्रेड वॉन लेबनीज(Gotfred von Leibniz) ने इस यन्त्र का आविष्कार किया। – इस मशीन को लेबनीज की रेकनिंग मशीन(Recording machine) भी कहा जाता है। – यह मशीन आज भी कार व स्कूटर के Speedometer में प्रयुक्त की जाती है।

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